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Author:
Akil, Posted on Saturday, June 03 @ 21:40:59 IST by Akil
This article
discusses the briefing about the general approach to studying Biochemistry
followed by the list of topics in Biochemistry.
BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry portion should strive towards providing
information on the functional groups
INTRODUCTION:
The chemistry
portion should strive towards providing information on the functional groups,
hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and weak valence forces that organise
macromolecules. Details on structure need not be emphasised.
Discussion on
metabolic processes should put emphasis on the overall change interdependence
and molecular turnover. While details of the steps may be given.
An introduction
to biochemical genetics and molecular biology is a must but details should be
avoided.
The exposure to
antivitamins, antimetabolites and enzyme inhibitors at this stage, will
provide a basis for the future study of medical subjects.
An overview of
metabolic regulation is to be taught by covering hormonal action, second
messengers and regulation of enzyme activities.
Medical aspects
of biochemistry should avoid describing innumerable functional tests, most of
which are not in vogue.
Cataloguing
genetic disorders under each head of metabolism is unnecessary. A few examples
which correlate genotype change to functional changes should be adequate.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
1. CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES
Carbohydrates:
Definition, biological importance and classification.
Protein
quality and requirement (methods for evaluation of protein quality to be
excluded).
Protein
calorie malnutrition.
Balanced diet.
Enzymatic
hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates.
Mechanism of
uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols.
Enzymatic
hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino acids.
3. MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins:
Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency
symptoms.
Brief account
of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions.
Vitamins A
functions including visual process.
Vitamin D and
its role in calcium metabolism
Vitamin E.
Vitamin K and
gamma carboxylation.
Introduction
to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis
Minerals
:Classification, daily requirement.
Calcium and
phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function.
Serum calcium
regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport.
Heme and
nonheme iron functions; deficiency.
Iodine: Brief
introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine.
Fluoride:
function, deficiency and excess.
Indications of
role of other minerals.
4. ENERGY METABOLISM
Overview:
Outlines of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle.
Beta oxidation
of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation.
Ketone body
formation and utilisation.
Introduction
to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and
lipolysis.
Gluconeogenesis.
Lactate
metabolism .
Protein
utilisation for energy.
Glucogenic and
ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism.
5. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM
Importance of
pentose phosphate pathway.
Formation of
glucuronic acid.
Outlines of
cholesterol synthesis and breakdown.
Ammonia
metabolism.
Urea
formation.
Phosphocreatine formation.
Transmethylation.
Amines.
Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon
transfer.
Detoxication :
Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity
6. BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Introduction
to nucleotides; formation and degradation.
DNA as genetic
material. Introduction to replication and transcription.
Forms and
functions of RNA.
Genetic code
and mutation.
Outline of
translation process.
Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription
and translation.
Introduction
to cancer, viruses and oncogenes.
7. ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION
Enzymes:
Definition, classification, specificity and active site.
Cofactors.
Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration.
Introduction
to enzyme inhibitors, proenzymes and isoenzymes.
Introduction
to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by
induction/repression.
Overview of
hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion,
inositol triphosphate.
Mechanism of
action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief.
Acid base
regulation. Electrolyte balance.
8. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS
Connective
tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans.
Bone
structure. Structure of membranes.
Membrane
associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis.
Introduction
to cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief.
Haemoglobin:
functions.
Introduction
to heme synthesis and degradation.
Plasma
proteins: classification and separation.
Functions of
albumin.
A brief
account of immunoglobulins.
Plasma
lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover.
9. MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Regulation of
blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of
glycemic status.
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation.
Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment.
Jaundice:
Classification and evaluation.
Liver function
tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels.
Brief
introduction to kidney function tests and gastric function tests.
Acid base
imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation.
Gout. Examples
of genetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage
disorders, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies,
inborn errors of amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy ( one or two
examples with biochemical basis will be adequate).
Serum enzymes
in diagnosis.
10. SOME ASPECTS OF PRACTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Qualitative
analysis of carbohydrates
Color
reactions of proteins and amino acids
Identification
of nonprotein nitrogen substance
Normal
constituents of urine
Abnormal
constituents of urine
Profiles of
hypothyrodisim and hyperthyrodisim
Profiles of
hyper and hypoparathyrodism
Profiles of
liver function
Urea, uric
acid creatinine profile in kidney disorders
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